NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

 NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

  August 22, 2021 by Admin

  content [hidden]

  content

  NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

  NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

  NEET trend analysis over the past 10 years

  introduce

  |Digestive system

  digestive tract

  |Digestive Giant

  salivary glands

  pancreas

  Small intestine digestion of food

  absorption of digested food

  |Digestive System Diseases

  Level 11 mind map of digestion and absorption

  NEET Top Hat (710/720) Handwritten Notes

  NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

  In this article, we provide you with NEET's Level 11 Digestion and Absorption Notes.  This is an important chapter for the unit Human Physiology to focus on, as this chapter asks a certain number of questions in NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER, and other medical portals.  The content covers the main points of the digestive system and digestive glands.  Let's start with a brief introduction to NEET's Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes.  Also, you can download Digestion and Absorption Class 11 NEET Top Notes (710/720) pdf, we shared the Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Mind Map at the end.

  NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

  NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

  NEET Digestion and Absorption Class 11 Notes

  NEET trend analysis over the past 10 years

  Digestion and absorption category 11 NEET trend analysis

  NEET Trend Analysis

  introduce

  – Food is one of the basic needs of all living organisms.

  – Animals cannot synthesize their own food, so

  They rely on readily available food for nutrition

  Require.

  – Nutrition is the process by which organisms produce

  work energy and other materials, growth and

  life-sustaining activities.

  – The main components of our food are carbohydrates, protein

  and fat.  They are also called biomacromolecules

  – Requires small amounts of vitamins and minerals.  food

  Provides energy and organic materials for growth and repair

  organization.  They are also known as small biological molecules.

  – Water plays an important role in the metabolic process

  It also prevents dehydration in the body.

  – Biomacromolecules in food cannot be utilized by our body

  in its original form.  they must be broken down and

  Converted to simple substances in the digestive system.  This

  The process by which complex food substances are converted into simple substances

  The absorbable form is called digested by our

  Digestion of the system by mechanical and biochemical methods.

  | Digestion Type

  1. Intracellular: When the digestion process takes place inside the cell

  Cells in food vacuoles.  Examples include protozoa,

  Porifera, Coelenterata and free-living flat animals.

  2. Extracellular: When the digestion process takes place outside

  cell.  Examples include coelenterates and phyla

  Platyhelminthes to Chordates.

  |Digestive system

  – Digestion in vertebrates occurs in the digestive tract or

  digestive tract.

  – The various parts involved in digestion can be extensively

  Divided into two groups:

  1. The digestive tract or digestive tract

  2. Digestive glands

  digestive tract

  – The digestive tract is a tubular structure that starts from

  Mouth (front opening) to anus (rear opening).

  – The digestive tract is divided into the following sections:

  (i) oral cavity and buccopharyngeal cavity

  (ii) Esophagus

  (iii) stomach

  (iv) Intestines

  part of the digestive tract

  (1) Mouth

  – The mouth is a transverse slit-like hole, consisting of two

  Movable lips or labia, upper and lower lips.

  – The mouth opens into the buccopharyngeal cavity, which is

  Divided into buccal vestibule and oral cavity

  buccopharyngeal cavity

  – It consists of a layered lining of the anterior cheek cavity

  squamous epithelial cells

  – The pharynx is a vertical passage outside the soft palate.

  – The mouth opens into a short pharynx, which serves as

  Common passage for food and air.  cartilage flap

  The epiglottis prevents food from entering the glottis (open

  duct) during swallowing.

  – The pharynx can be divided into three parts; the nasopharynx,

  Oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

  – The mouth is the enclosed inner and central part

  by the upper and lower jaws.  It is lined by stratified squamous cells

  epithelium.  The upper jaw is fixed and the lower jaw is movable.

  (iv) Tongue

  – Freely movable muscle (mesoderm) organs and protrusions

  at the floor of the buccopharyngeal cavity

  – Presence of stratified squamous epithelial cells.

  – Small protrusions on the upper surface of the tongue called

  nipple.  Some of them have taste buds.

  – The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a frenulum.

  function of the tongue

  (i) Used as a general purpose toothbrush as it helps to clean teeth.

  (ii) to aid in speaking.

  (iii) Aids in debonding.

  (iv) Helps mix saliva with food.

  (v) Aids in taste detection.

  need to know:

  The hard palate has transverse ridges called palatal folds.

  (v) Teeth

  structure of teeth

  – Teeth are divided into three parts:

  (i) root: innermost, by means of

  Cement (hyaluronic acid).

  (ii) Neck: Middle, small, covered with chewing gum.  chewing gum offers

  Strength to the teeth.

  (iii) Apex or crown: The exposed part of the tooth.  longest

  part, white.

  – the hard chewing surface of the teeth, composed of enamel,

  Helps chew food.

  Š Thecodont: Each tooth is embedded in a socket in the jawbone.

  This type of attachment is called a codont.

  Š Diphyodont: In most mammals, teeth develop into two

  Consecutive groups, this condition is called a Diplodon.  dental

  The first group is called deciduous or deciduous or deciduous teeth

  teeth, while the second group is called the permanent teeth.

  need to know:

  Odontoblasts are the mesoderm of embryonic origin

  Immediately cover the pulp cavity.  cell

  Secretion of dentin.

  differentiation of teeth

  Š There are two types of dentition:

  (i) Homodont: when all teeth are structurally and

  Functions are similar.

  (ii) Heterodontic: when the structure of the tooth is different from the tooth

  functions.  They are divided into four types of incisors,

  Canines, premolars and molars.

  type of teeth

  (i) Incisors: These are long, chisel-shaped teeth used for cutting and

  Cut food.  they only have one root

  (ii) Canines: These are sharp teeth used for tearing and

  Cut food.  Canines are the most developed among carnivores

  Not present in animals and herbivores.  they have a

  root

  (iii) Premolars: These teeth are used for chewing and crushing

  food.  They are triangular.  upper premolar

  The lower jaw has two roots and the lower jaw has one root

  (iv) molars (cheek teeth): these are also used for chewing and

  Crushing of food.  They are rectangular.  molar

  The upper jaw has 3 and the lower jaw has 2

  Highlights

  Š Premolars and molars help chew food.

  Š In mammals, all types of molars except premolars and final molars

  Teeth appear twice in a lifetime.

  need to know:

  Š Enamel, secreted by ameloblasts or ameloblasts,

  Form the outermost covering.  it is ectodermal

  Up to 92% inorganic substances and therefore considered to be

  The hardest part of the body.

  Š The inorganic substance present is calcium phosphate

  (85%), calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate.

  Š Ossein is a bone protein.

  – Dental formulations: each mammalian species has its own characteristics

  by its own specific dentition and a certain number and

  The arrangement of teeth.

  – The arrangement of teeth in the upper and lower jaws

  In the order I, C, PM, M, expressed in dental formulas

  In humans it is 2123/2123 .

  Children = (2 1 0 2)×2/(2 1 0 2)×2= 5×2/5×2= 20

  17 years old = (2122)×2/(2122)×2=28

  Adult = (2123)×2/(2123)×2=32

  (ii) Esophagus (food tube)

  morphology

  – A slender tube that extends back through

  Neck, chest and diaphragm, leading to a "J" shaped pocket

  Like a structure called the stomach.

  – The upper 1/3 of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle and

  The lower 2/3 consists of smooth muscle.

  – Muscle sphincter (gastroesophageal) regulation

  The esophagus opens into the stomach.

  Function: Conduct food.

  (iii) stomach

  structure:

  – Single oval, elongated, single leaf and J-shaped pockets

  and present in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity

  below the diaphragm.

  – It consists of four parts:

  (i) Heart portion of the opening of the esophagus

  (ii) Bottom area

  (iii) Partial opening of the pylorus to the first part of the small part

  intestinal.

  (iv) Body - main central area.

  – There are two types of valves in the stomach viz.  heart

  the sphincter flap between the esophagus and stomach and

  The pyloric sphincter flap between the stomach and duodenum.

  need to know:

  The inner surface of the stomach bulges into several vertical lines

  The folds are called gastric folds.

  part of stomach

  The human stomach glands have four different types of cells:

  (a) Digestive or zymogenic or primary or cellular: secreting both

  The digestive enzymes pepsinogen and prorennin.

  (b) oxyntic or parietal cells: cells that secrete HCl and Castle

  Intrinsic factor required for the absorption of vitamin B12.

  Hyperacidity is due to abnormally high acidity

  A large amount of hydrochloric acid is the secretion of gastric juice.

  (c) Neck mucus cells: secrete alkaline mucus.

  (d) Argentaffin cells: responsible for secretion

  The vasoconstrictor serotonin.  it acts as a regulator

  muscle movement.

  (e) "G" cells, which secrete a hormone called gastrin, which

  Increase the peristalsis of the stomach wall and stimulate the active secretion of gastric glands.

  Function:

  – Food storage.

  – Stir food to mix with gastric juices.

  (iv) Small intestine

  Structure: Can be divided into three areas:

  (i) "C" shaped duodenum,

  (ii) long curled middle part of jejunum

  (iii) Highly coiled ileum.

  - There are also many finger-like projections, called fluff items, from

  lumen wall, increasing the internal surface area by about ten

  time.

  – The terminal ileum leads to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve.

  Function: Digestion and absorption of food.

  (v) Large intestine

  Structure: endoderm, about 1.5-1.75 meters long.

  It consists of the following parts:

  (i) The cecum: it is a small caecum with something symbiotic in it

  microorganism.  Its rear end exists in the form of a blind sac in

  The abdominal cavity is called the earthworm appendix.  worm-like

  The appendix is ​​a narrow finger-like tubular protrusion that is a

  degenerative organs.

  (ii) Colon: In humans, it is divided into four parts:

  Ascending, Transverse, Descending, and Sigmoid Colon

  colon.  The colon is involved in absorbing water

  Undigested food, 5% salt, vitamins, etc, so worry

  Formed with feces.

  (iii) Rectum: the descending part leads to the rectum

  Open through the anus.  single small expansion

  Human sac.  It has to do with the storage of feces.

  The rectal wall has strong sphincter muscles.  This

  The sphincter keeps the anus and anus when

  Not for bowel movements.

  Function: Absorbs water from undigested food.

  (vi) Anal canal and anus: The anal canal connects the rectum and the anus

  It is about 3 cm long.  Anus is open at the end

  of the digestive tract.

  Gastrointestinal histology

  – The wall of the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum

  There are four layers, namely serosa, muscularis, and submucosa

  and mucous membranes.

  (i) Serosa is the outermost layer, consisting of a thin

  Mesothelium (the epithelium of internal organs) and some

  connective tissue.

  (ii) Muscles are composed of normally lined smooth muscle

  Divided into inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.  One

  The oblique layer may be present in some areas.

  (iii) The submucosa is composed of loose connective tissue

  Contains nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.  in the duodenum,

  Glands are also present in the submucosa.

  (iv) The mucosa is the innermost layer lining the lumen

  digestive tract.  This layer forms irregular folds (folds)

  stomach and little finger-like folds called villi

  small intestine.

  – Cells lining the villi produce many microscopic

  The projections, called microvilli, give the appearance of a brushed border.

  – These modifications greatly increase the surface area.

  – Villi is equipped with capillary network and large

  Lymphatic vessels are called milk ducts.

  – The mucosal epithelium has goblet cells, which secrete mucus

  Helps lubricate.

  – The mucous membranes also form glands in the stomach (gastric glands) and

  crypts between the bases of the intestinal villi (crypts

  Lieber Kuhn).  All four layers show changes in different parts of the digestive tract.

  |Digestive Giant

  – The various types of digestive glands present in mammals are

  salivary glands, gastric glands, intestinal glands, pancreas and

  liver.

  – Digestive glands secrete digestive juices.

  – Increased secretion of parasympathetic nervous system

  Digestive juices and decreased sympathetic nervous system

  it.

  salivary glands

  – The three pairs of salivary glands present in humans are

  as follows:

  1. Parotid glands (cheeks): A pair, where the largest salivary glands are present.

  2. Submandibular/Submaxillary (lower jaw): one pair,

  It is present at the junction of the upper and lower cheeks.

  3. Sublingual (sublingual): a pair, present in

  Bottom of buccopharyngeal cavity.

  need to know:

  Š Mumps: Stenson Catheter

  Š Submaxillary or submandibular: Wharton catheter

  Š Sublingual’s: Duct of Rivinus

  – The secretions from the salivary glands are called saliva or saliva

  juice.  Some of the features are as follows-

  ● Dosage: 1.0-1.5 liters/day

  ● Chemical properties: slightly acidic.

  ● pH value: 6.3 – 6.8

  ● Secretory control: autonomic reflexes (parasympathetic

  Sympathetic nervous system increases salivation

  The nervous system inhibits secretion.  )

  ● Chemical composition: water (99.5%), mucus (as

  lubricants), salts (NaCl, NaHCO3

  etc.), enzymes (ptyalin,

  lysozyme) etc.

  – It is the largest gland in the body and weighs about 1.2 to 1.5 kg

  on an adult.

  – It is located in the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm

  and has two lobes.

  – The hepatic lobule is the structural and functional unit of the liver

  The liver contains hepatocytes arranged in cords.

  – Each leaflet is covered by a thin sheath of connective tissue

  Called Glisson capsules.

  – Bile secreted by hepatocytes passes through

  Hepatic duct, stored and concentrated in a thin muscle

  The sac is called the gallbladder.

  – Cystic duct (cystic duct) and liver

  Ducts from the liver form the common bile duct.

  Highlights

  The bile and pancreatic ducts lead together

  The duodenum is the common duct of the hepatopancreas

  Protected by a sphincter called the sphincter of Oddi.

  pancreas

  – The pancreas is a compound (exocrine and endocrine)

  An elongated organ located between the 'C' shaped limbs

  duodenum.

  – The exocrine part secretes alkaline pancreatic juice

  Contains enzymes and endocrine secretion

  Hormones, insulin and glucagon.

  | Digestion of food

  – Digestion is divided into two modes: mechanical digestion and

  chemical digestion.  Mechanical digestion occurs in

  mouth and small intestine.

  Oral Digestion

  – Food enters from the mouth and mixes with saliva, tongue

  Mix food with saliva.

  – Mucus in saliva helps lubricate and adhere

  Chew food granules into pills.  then a bolus

  into the pharynx, then into the esophagus

  Swallow or swallow.

  – The bolus passes further down the esophagus

  The continuous waves of muscle contractions are called peristalsis.

  mechanical digestion

  – plays an important role in oral teeth, tongue and lips

  by chewing or mechanical digestion

  chew.  They help mix foods thoroughly.

  chemical digestion

  – The saliva secreted into the mouth contains electrolytes

  (Na+, K+, CI-

  , HCO-3

  ) and enzymes, salivary amylase and

  Lysozyme.

  – The chemical process of digestion begins in the mouth

  Cavities created by hydrolysis of carbohydrate breakdown

  salivary amylase.  about 30% starch

  is hydrolyzed by this enzyme (optimum pH 6.8) to

  Disaccharide - maltose.

  –

  Mucin: It is a glycoprotein.  It lubricates food particles and

  Helps swallow food.

  – Lysozyme: It is an enzyme that kills harmful bacteria.  it

  As an antibacterial agent to prevent infection.

  – Thiocyanate: It is a special salt that kills harmful substances

  germ.  So it is called bactericidal salt.

  starch

  Ptyalin, pH 6.8

  →

  salivary amylase

  maltose

  need to know:

  Ptyalin is present in human saliva because human food is

  Mainly composed of starch.

  Highlights

  Š Peristalsis is the progression of coordinated contractions

  Involuntary round muscle with one in front

  Simultaneous contraction of longitudinal muscles and

  Relax the circular muscles of the bowel wall.

  Š Normal gastroesophageal or cardiac sphincter

  Remain closed, no food content allowed

  The stomach moves back.

  digestion of food in the stomach

  – When food enters the stomach, G cells secrete gastrin

  hormones that stimulate gastric secretion

  gastric glands.

  – The secretion of gastric juice is controlled by nerves, hormones and

  Chemical material.

  need to know:

  Some drinking substances can also stimulate secretion

  Gastric juices such as soup, wine, caffeine, histamine.  These

  Drinking substances and gastric juices stimulate desire

  appetite.  So these substances are called appetizer juice.

  composition of gastric juice

  – Volume: 1-1.5 liters/day.

  – Chemical properties: strong acid

  – pH: 1.0 – 3.5 (due to the presence of HCl)

  – Secretion control: via the gastrin hormone.

  – Chemical composition: water (99%), slime, inorganic

  Salt, Castle Intrinsic Factor, HCl (0.5% concentration) and enzymes

  Prorennin and pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

  – The stomach stores food for 4-5 hours.  food mix

  Thoroughly with the acidic gastric juices of the stomach

  The churning motion of its muscle wall, known as

  chyme.

  The role of hydrochloric acid

  – The main function of HCl (activator) is to convert zymogen

  Pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme pepsin.

  – Pepsin converts proteins into proteases and peptones (peptides).

  Pepsinogen →

  hydrochloric acid

  Pepsin

  rennet →

  hydrochloric acid

  Rainin

  – Mucus and bicarbonate in gastric juice play a role

  Plays an important role in lubricating and protecting mucous membranes

  Highly concentrated exfoliation

  hydrochloric acid.

  – HCl provides optimal acidic pH (pH 1.8) for pepsin.

  Highlights

  Š Pepsinogen and prorennin are inactive enzymes.

  Š Pepsin is the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach.

  Digestion of Rennin

  – Rennin (proteolytic enzyme) is active in childhood

  Mammals only.  It converts milk into a curd-like substance

  (curdled milk) and digested it.  In adulthood, it is inactive.

  – Rennin acts on the milk protein casein.  Casein is a soluble protein.

  – In the presence of rennet, casein is converted to insoluble Capparacaseinate.  This process is called curdling of milk.

  After becoming insoluble, milk can remain in the stomach

  longer.  There is no rennet (rennin) in adults

  Milk is made by HCl, pepsin and chymotrypsin in the body)

  gastric lipase digestion

  – It converts fat into fatty acids and glycerol.  it is secreted in a

  A smaller amount, so less fat digestion occurs here.

  – This lipase acts to emulsify fat and convert it into fatty acids

  and glycerin.

  Small intestine digestion of food

  – Mechanical and chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine.

  – Muscle layer produces various types of movements

  Small intestine layer.

  – These actions help combine food with

  Various secretions in the intestines, thereby facilitating digestion.

  – Bile, pancreatic and intestinal juices are

  Secretions are released into the small intestine.

  pancreatic juice

  – Pancreatic juice and bile are released through the hepatopancreatic duct.

  – Pancreatic juice contains inactive enzyme trypsinogen,

  Chymotrypsinogen, Procarboxypeptidase, Amylase, Lipase

  and nucleases.

  – Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme, enterokinase, secreted

  It is converted into active trypsin by the intestinal mucosa, and then

  Activates other enzymes in pancreatic juice.

  bile

  – At the proximal end of the duodenum, there is bile secretion.

  – Liver cells in the liver produce bile and store it

  in the gallbladder.

  – Bile does not contain any digestive enzymes.  therefore it

  Not true digestive juice (Pseudiogestive juice).

  composition of bile

  – Bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments

  (bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, cholesterol and

  Phospholipids but no enzymes.

  The role of bile

  – Neutralizing HCl: its sodium neutralizes the HCl in the chyme

  (semi-liquid food found in the stomach).

  – Emulsification: sodium and sodium glycocholate

  Taurocholate is a bile salt that destroys large fat droplets

  into smaller micelles.

  – Absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins: bile salts help

  Absorb fats (fatty acids and glycerol) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K).

  – Stimulation of peristalsis: bile increases the peristalsis of the stomach

  intestinal.

  – Activation of lipase: Bile can also activate lipase.

  need to know:

  Š Bile pigments, cholesterol and lecithin are excreta

  substance in bile.

  Š Gallstones: Sometimes passages in the bile ducts

  is blocked or narrowed, so cholesterol gets

  Deposits or deposits in the gallbladder.  This is

  Called gallstones (cholelithiasis).

  Š Obstructive jaundice: if bile passages are blocked

  Then the level of bilirubin in the blood increases.  so

  Yellow body like skin, cornea, and nails

  Appears yellow.  Urine can also turn yellow.

  Digestion in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

  – These hormones stimulate Leiberkuhn's crypt secretion

  succus entericus or intestinal fluid.  this succus entericus

  Contains mainly water (99%) and digestive enzymes (<1%).

  Intestinal fluid acts on food.

  – Intestinal epithelium with goblet cells

  secretes mucus.

  – Secretions of mucosal brush border cells

  Formed with goblet cell secretions

  Intestinal juices or gravy.

  – This juice contains various enzymes such as disaccharidase

  (eg maltase), dipeptidase, lipase, nuclease, etc.

  Mucus protects with bicarbonate from pancreas

  Intestinal mucosa from acidity as well as providing alkalinity

  Medium (pH 7.8) for enzymatic activity.

  – Submucosal glands (Bruner’s glands) also help.

  Succus-entericus mainly contains the following enzymes:

  – Peptidase or Erepsin: This is an exopeptidase.  it

  Convert oligopeptides to amino acids.

  – Sucrase: Also known as invertase.  it converts sucrose into

  Glucose and fructose.

  – Maltase: It converts maltose into glucose molecules.

  – Lactase: This enzyme is only found in mammals.  it converts

  Lactose divides lactose into glucose and galactose.

  – Intestinal lipase: This fat-digesting enzyme converts fat

  Converted to fatty acids and glycerol.

  – Nucleotidases and nucleosidases: these act on nucleotides

  and nucleosides and convert them into sugars and bases.

  Large intestine digestion

  – No significant digestive activity in the large intestine.

  – The functions of the large intestine are:

  (i) Absorb some water, minerals and certain medicines

  (ii) Secretion of mucus helps to adhere waste

  (undigested) pellets together and lubricate it

  Pass easily.

  – Undigested, unabsorbed material called feces enters

  Enter the large bowel through the ileocecal

  Valve to prevent backflow of fecal material.  it is

  Hold the rectum until a bowel movement.

  – Activity of the gastrointestinal tract is controlled by nerves and

  Hormonal control to properly coordinate the different parts.

  – The sight, smell and/or presence of food in the mouth

  Can stimulate the secretion of saliva.

  – Stomach and intestinal secretions are also stimulated

  through neural signals.

  – Muscle activity in different parts of the digestive tract

  Canals can also be regulated by neural mechanisms, whether locally

  and through the central nervous system.

  – Hormonal control of digestive juice secretion is

  local hormones produced by the stomach and

  intestinal mucosa.

  need to know:

  Among herbivores, there are symbiotic bacteria and protozoa

  Cellulose in the cecum helps digest cellulose into glucose.

  So the digestion of cellulose takes place in the cecum

  decomposition process.  This decomposition process is

  very slow.  So very little cellulose is digested

  time in the cecum.

  Highlights

  Š Maximum digestion of food - duodenum.

  Š Food digestion is complete - jejunum.

  Š Maximum food absorption - jejunum.

  absorption of digested food

  – Absorption is the process of absorption of the final product

  Digestion through the intestinal mucosa into the blood

  or lymph.

  – It is carried by passive, active or convenient means of transport

  mechanism.

  Simple Diffusion: It facilitates the absorption of small molecules

  Large amounts of monosaccharides such as glucose, amino acids and

  some electrolytes, such as chloride ions

  ● The passage of these substances into the blood depends on

  according to the concentration gradient.

  Facilitates transport: some substances, such as fructose

  Some amino acids are absorbed with the help of carriers

  Na+ plasma.

  Active Transport:

  • Water transport depends on the osmotic gradient.

  ● Active transport occurs against the concentration gradient

  Hence the need for energy.

  ● Nutrients such as amino acids and monosaccharides

  Electrolytes such as glucose and sodium ions are absorbed into the blood

  through this mechanism.

  Table: Absorption by Different Parts of the Digestive System

  – Fatty acids and glycerin are insoluble and cannot be absorbed

  into the blood.

  – they are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles

  into the intestinal mucosa.

  – they are reformed into very small protein-coated fat globules

  called chylomicrons, which are transported into the lymph

  The blood vessels (papillas) in the villi.  These lymphatic vessels eventually

  release absorbed substances into the bloodstream

  – Absorbed substances end up in the tissues where they are used

  their activities.  This process is called assimilation.

  – Digesting waste, solidifying into coherent feces

  Rectal activation of nerve reflexes, causing urges or cravings

  its removal.  feces through

  Anal opening (defecation) is a voluntary process and is

  by massive peristaltic movements.

  need to know:

  Caloric value of protein, carbohydrates and fats

  Energy requirements and energy content of animals

  The calorific value of food, expressed as a measure of thermal energy

  Because heat is the ultimate form of all energy.  This is

  Usually measured in calories (cal) or joules (J), i.e.

  The amount of heat required to raise the temperature by 1

  g water at 1°C.  Since this value is a trace amount of energy,

  Physiologists usually use kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules

  (kJ).  A kilo of calories is the energy needed

  Increase the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.  nutritionist,

  Kcal is traditionally referred to as calories or joules (always

  capital).  completely released heat

  1 gram of food in a bomb calorimeter (closed metal

  O2-filled chamber

  ) is its total heat or total energy

  value.  1 gram of actual energy burn

  Food is the physiological value of food.  total calorific value

  Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are 4.1 kcal/g and 5.65 kcal/g respectively

  and 9.45 kcal/g, respectively, while their physiological

  The values ​​were 4.0 kcal/g, 4.0 kcal/g, and 9.0 kcal/g, respectively.

  |Digestive System Diseases

  – Intestinal inflammation is the most common

  Disease due to bacterial or viral infection.  infection is

  Also caused by intestinal parasites, such as tapeworms,

  Roundworms, nematodes, hookworms, needleworms, etc.

  - Jaundice: liver affected, yellowing of skin and eyes

  to the deposition of bile pigments.

  – Vomiting: this is the passage of stomach contents through

  mouth.  This reflex is controlled by the vomiting center

  medulla.  Feeling nauseous before vomiting.

  – Diarrhea: abnormal frequency of bowel movements

  and increased fluidity of fecal discharge is called

  diarrhea.  It reduces the absorption of food.

  – Constipation: When constipated, stool stays in the body

  Rectum due to irregular bowel movements.

  – Indigestion: In this condition, food is not digested properly

  lead to satiety.  Indigestion is caused by

  Enzyme deficiency, anxiety, food poisoning, excess

  Eat, and spicy food.

  |Protein Energy Maintenance EPEMF

  – Dietary deficiencies in protein and total food calories are

  Widely distributed in the South and many underdeveloped countries

  Southeast Asia, South America, West and Central Africa.

  – Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) may affect most areas

  in drought, famine and politics

  turmoil.  This happened during the liberation of Bangladesh

  The war and Ethiopia's severe drought in the mid-eighties.

  – PEM affects infants and children with wasting and

  Quasi Olkar.

  thin

  – wasting is caused by simultaneous lack of

  protein and calories.

  – Found in infants less than one year old if breastfeeding

  Prematurely replaced by other foods that are both poorer

  Protein and Calorie Values.  If this happens frequently to the mother

  When the older baby is a second pregnancy or delivery

  Still too young.

  – In wasting, protein deficiency impairs growth and

  Replaces tissue protein; extreme wasting

  Skin becomes dry and thin as a result of thinning of the body and extremities

  and wrinkled.

  – Significant decrease in growth rate and body weight.  even

  The growth and development of the brain and intelligence is

  damaged.

  quasi olkar

  – Kwashiorkar is produced by protein deficiency

  There is no accompanying caloric deficit.

  – It is caused by high concentrations of replacement breast milk

  A low-calorie protein diet for children over one year of age.

  Highlights

  Like wasting, kwashiorkor exhibits muscle wasting,

  Thinning of limbs, growth and brain development disorders.

  But unlike weight loss, there is still some fat left under the skin;

  In addition, extensive edema and swelling of body parts

  be seen.

  This is the end of this chapter

  What you might be looking for in this article

  Digestive system, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, abdominal cavity, gastric glands, amino acids, worm-like appendix, secretion of mucus, intestinal glands, cystic duct, precautions, tooth type, food digestion, part of digestive tract, smooth muscle, bile duct, oral cavity, large intestine, salivary amylase  ,Digestive enzymes

  Level 11 mind map of digestion and absorption